A strategy to fabricate kesterite solar cells with a 13% efficiency

Kesterite (Cu2ZnSnS4, CZTS) is a sulfide mineral with a unique lattice structure that can be considered as derived from chalcopyrite CuInSe2 (CIS) by substituting two atoms of In3+ in the chalcopyrite by one atom of Zn2+ and one atom of Sn4+. The elements included in this mineral and its derivatives Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) are less-toxic and abundant on Earth, which could be very advantageous for the development of more sustainable and low-cost technologies.

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